SEVERE ANKLE SPRAIN
Abstract
A severe ankle sprain is including the complete ligament damage, severe ecchymosis (bleeding in to the skin) instability of the joint and more severe ankle impairment can also include rupture of the bones or high ankle sprains. Treatment of severe ankle sprain is included the immobilization and rest, cryotherapy, compression, elevation, medications (NSAIDs), exercises and surgery.
Keywords
Severe ankle sprain, Surgery, NSAIDs, Stretching
Introduction
Severe ankle sprain identified as complete ruptured of anterior capsule, Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATFL), Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) with instability of the joint and more severe ankle impairment can also include rupture of the bones or high ankle sprains.1,2
Sign and Symptoms
A severe ankle sprain symptoms may include complete ligament damage, severe ecchymosis (bleeding in to the skin) instability of the joint resulting from severe pain, diffuse inflammation both sides Achilles tendon, possible tenderness medially and laterally a complete loss of motion and function.3
Treatment
Immobilization and Rest
Rest or immobilization (restrict the movement of the ankle joint in bothflexion/extension and inversion/eversion) is essential to decrease the blood flow and prevent the further tissue damage. Restrictive movement of the injured area at initial phase is helpful in short term recovery.
Ice
Crushed ice in a plastic bag may be applied to the injured area is falling the temperature of the affected part, minimizing the metabolic demand of the tissue and inducing the vasoconstriction (Narrowing of the blood vessels), and limiting the bleeding.
Compression
Compression is applied to the injured area by the use of bandage and taping to limit the amount of edema (swelling) and reduces the swelling and exudation of the fluid.
Elevation
Elevation of the affected part reduces the pressure in local blood vessels of injured area and helps to limit the blood loss and improving the excretion of inflammatory exudate through the lymphatic system, reducing oedema (swelling).
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are used in the treatment of ligament Injuries.4,5,6
Exercises
Various exercises are used in the management of severe sprains such as Joint Mobilization, Stretching (Achilles tendon, gastrocnemius, soleus) and stretching exercises.
Surgery
Diverse surgical methods are used in the treatment of severe lateral ankle instability.
The surgical methods may be denoted as anatomical or nonanatomical.7,8
Conclusion
Severe ankle sprain treatment is included the immobilization and rest, cryotherapy, compression, elevation, medications (NSAIDs), exercises and surgery.
References
1.Hertel Jay. Functional Anatomy, Pathomechanics, and Pathophysiology of Lateral Ankle Instability. Journal of Athletic Training, Volume 37, Number 4, December 2002.
2.Cooke MW et al. Treatment of severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three types of mechanical ankle support with tubular bandage. The CAST trial. Health Technology Assessment 2009; Vol. 13: No. 13.
3.Joshua C.et al. Lateral and syndesmotic ankle sprain injuries:a narrative literature review. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine (2011) 10, 204–219.
4.Bekerom Michel P.J. van den, Struijs Peter A.A, Blankevoort Leendert, Welling Lieke, C. van Dijk Niek, Kerkhoffs Gino M.M.J. What Is the Evidence for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation Therapy in the Treatment of Ankle Sprains in Adults?. Journal of Athletic Training 2012; 47(4):435–443.
5.Gino M Kerkhoffs et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: an evidence-based clinical guideline. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46:854–860.
6.Hauser R.A, Dolan E.E, Phillips H.J, Newlin A.C, Moore R.E. and Woldin B.A. Ligament Injury and Healing: A Review of Current Clinical Diagnostics and Therapeutics. The Open Rehabilitation Journal, 2013, 6, 1-20.
7.Dr Gaylene McKay and Dr Jill Cook. Evidence-based Clinical Statement Physiotherapy management of ankle injuries in sport. Australian Physiotherapy Association.
8.Standard of Care: Ankle Sprain. Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Rehabilitation Services.
Abstract
A severe ankle sprain is including the complete ligament damage, severe ecchymosis (bleeding in to the skin) instability of the joint and more severe ankle impairment can also include rupture of the bones or high ankle sprains. Treatment of severe ankle sprain is included the immobilization and rest, cryotherapy, compression, elevation, medications (NSAIDs), exercises and surgery.
Keywords
Severe ankle sprain, Surgery, NSAIDs, Stretching
Introduction
Severe ankle sprain identified as complete ruptured of anterior capsule, Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATFL), Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) with instability of the joint and more severe ankle impairment can also include rupture of the bones or high ankle sprains.1,2
Sign and Symptoms
A severe ankle sprain symptoms may include complete ligament damage, severe ecchymosis (bleeding in to the skin) instability of the joint resulting from severe pain, diffuse inflammation both sides Achilles tendon, possible tenderness medially and laterally a complete loss of motion and function.3
Treatment
Immobilization and Rest
Rest or immobilization (restrict the movement of the ankle joint in bothflexion/extension and inversion/eversion) is essential to decrease the blood flow and prevent the further tissue damage. Restrictive movement of the injured area at initial phase is helpful in short term recovery.
Ice
Crushed ice in a plastic bag may be applied to the injured area is falling the temperature of the affected part, minimizing the metabolic demand of the tissue and inducing the vasoconstriction (Narrowing of the blood vessels), and limiting the bleeding.
Compression
Compression is applied to the injured area by the use of bandage and taping to limit the amount of edema (swelling) and reduces the swelling and exudation of the fluid.
Elevation
Elevation of the affected part reduces the pressure in local blood vessels of injured area and helps to limit the blood loss and improving the excretion of inflammatory exudate through the lymphatic system, reducing oedema (swelling).
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are used in the treatment of ligament Injuries.4,5,6
Exercises
Various exercises are used in the management of severe sprains such as Joint Mobilization, Stretching (Achilles tendon, gastrocnemius, soleus) and stretching exercises.
Surgery
Diverse surgical methods are used in the treatment of severe lateral ankle instability.
The surgical methods may be denoted as anatomical or nonanatomical.7,8
Conclusion
Severe ankle sprain treatment is included the immobilization and rest, cryotherapy, compression, elevation, medications (NSAIDs), exercises and surgery.
References
1.Hertel Jay. Functional Anatomy, Pathomechanics, and Pathophysiology of Lateral Ankle Instability. Journal of Athletic Training, Volume 37, Number 4, December 2002.
2.Cooke MW et al. Treatment of severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three types of mechanical ankle support with tubular bandage. The CAST trial. Health Technology Assessment 2009; Vol. 13: No. 13.
3.Joshua C.et al. Lateral and syndesmotic ankle sprain injuries:a narrative literature review. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine (2011) 10, 204–219.
4.Bekerom Michel P.J. van den, Struijs Peter A.A, Blankevoort Leendert, Welling Lieke, C. van Dijk Niek, Kerkhoffs Gino M.M.J. What Is the Evidence for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation Therapy in the Treatment of Ankle Sprains in Adults?. Journal of Athletic Training 2012; 47(4):435–443.
5.Gino M Kerkhoffs et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: an evidence-based clinical guideline. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46:854–860.
6.Hauser R.A, Dolan E.E, Phillips H.J, Newlin A.C, Moore R.E. and Woldin B.A. Ligament Injury and Healing: A Review of Current Clinical Diagnostics and Therapeutics. The Open Rehabilitation Journal, 2013, 6, 1-20.
7.Dr Gaylene McKay and Dr Jill Cook. Evidence-based Clinical Statement Physiotherapy management of ankle injuries in sport. Australian Physiotherapy Association.
8.Standard of Care: Ankle Sprain. Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Rehabilitation Services.
