GRADE 2 ANKLE SPRAIN
Abstract
A grade 2 ankle sprain included the moderate ligament damage, mild to moderate ecchymosis, instability of the joint resulting from moderate pain, swelling, little loss of motion and function.
Keywords
Ankle sprain, ligament, Cryotherapy, vasoconstriction
Introduction
Ankle joint is surrounded by 3 groups of ligaments, such as lateral, posterior and medial ligaments complex. Lateral complex consisting of the Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATFL), Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) and medial (deltoid) ligament complex, is divided into a superficial and deep part. A grade 2 ankle sprain involves moderate ligament damage (commonly with a complete tear of the Anterior Talofibular ligament and partial tear of the Calcaneofibular ligament).1
Sign and symptoms
A grade 2 ankle sprain symptoms may include moderate ligament damage, mild to moderate ecchymosis, instability of the joint resulting from moderate pain, bruising and localized swelling, due to tearing of the anterior joint capsule, ATFL, and adjoining soft tissue and stiffness in the ankle joint, a little loss of motion and function.2
Treatment
Short period of Immobilization and Rest
Short period of Rest or immobilization is essential to decrease the blood flow and prevent the further tissue damage. Restrictive movement of the injured area at initial phase is helpful in short term recovery.3
Cryotherapy
Crushed ice in a plastic bag may be applied to the affected area is dropping the temperature of the injured tissues, minimizing the metabolic demand and inducing the vasoconstriction (Narrowing of the blood vessels), and limiting the bleeding.4
Compression
Compression is applied to the injured area by the use of bandage to limit the amount of edema (swelling) and reduces the swelling and exudation of the fluid.
Elevation
Elevation of the affected part reduces the pressure in blood vessels of injured area and helps to limit the blood loss and swelling.
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are used in the treatment of ligament Injuries.
Exercises
Various exercises is used in the management of grade 2 sprains such as ABC’s Exercise, Towel Curls and stretching exercises (Towel and Standing Stretch).3,5,6
Conclusion
A grade 2 ankle sprain included the moderate ligament damage, instability of the joint resulting from moderate pain, swelling, little loss of motion and function.
References
1.Joshua C.et al. Lateral and syndesmotic ankle sprain injuries:a narrative literature review. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine (2011) 10, 204–219.
2.Chan Keith W, Ding Bryan C and Mroczek Kenneth J. Acute and Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability in the Athlete. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases 2011; 69(1):17-26.
3.Rensburg Christa Janse Van. Approach to and Management of Acute Ankle Ligamentous Injuries. CME March 2004 Vol.22 No.3.
4.Bekerom Michel P.J. van den, Struijs Peter A.A, Blankevoort Leendert, Welling Lieke, C. van Dijk Niek, Kerkhoffs Gino M.M.J. What Is the Evidence for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation Therapy in the Treatment of Ankle Sprains in Adults?. Journal of Athletic Training 2012; 47(4):435–443.
5.Gino M Kerkhoffs et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: an evidence-based clinical guideline. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46:854–860.
6.Hauser R.A, Dolan E.E, Phillips H.J, Newlin A.C, Moore R.E. and Woldin B.A. Ligament Injury and Healing: A Review of Current Clinical Diagnostics and Therapeutics. The Open Rehabilitation Journal, 2013, 6, 1-20.
Abstract
A grade 2 ankle sprain included the moderate ligament damage, mild to moderate ecchymosis, instability of the joint resulting from moderate pain, swelling, little loss of motion and function.
Keywords
Ankle sprain, ligament, Cryotherapy, vasoconstriction
Introduction
Ankle joint is surrounded by 3 groups of ligaments, such as lateral, posterior and medial ligaments complex. Lateral complex consisting of the Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATFL), Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) and medial (deltoid) ligament complex, is divided into a superficial and deep part. A grade 2 ankle sprain involves moderate ligament damage (commonly with a complete tear of the Anterior Talofibular ligament and partial tear of the Calcaneofibular ligament).1
Sign and symptoms
A grade 2 ankle sprain symptoms may include moderate ligament damage, mild to moderate ecchymosis, instability of the joint resulting from moderate pain, bruising and localized swelling, due to tearing of the anterior joint capsule, ATFL, and adjoining soft tissue and stiffness in the ankle joint, a little loss of motion and function.2
Treatment
Short period of Immobilization and Rest
Short period of Rest or immobilization is essential to decrease the blood flow and prevent the further tissue damage. Restrictive movement of the injured area at initial phase is helpful in short term recovery.3
Cryotherapy
Crushed ice in a plastic bag may be applied to the affected area is dropping the temperature of the injured tissues, minimizing the metabolic demand and inducing the vasoconstriction (Narrowing of the blood vessels), and limiting the bleeding.4
Compression
Compression is applied to the injured area by the use of bandage to limit the amount of edema (swelling) and reduces the swelling and exudation of the fluid.
Elevation
Elevation of the affected part reduces the pressure in blood vessels of injured area and helps to limit the blood loss and swelling.
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are used in the treatment of ligament Injuries.
Exercises
Various exercises is used in the management of grade 2 sprains such as ABC’s Exercise, Towel Curls and stretching exercises (Towel and Standing Stretch).3,5,6
Conclusion
A grade 2 ankle sprain included the moderate ligament damage, instability of the joint resulting from moderate pain, swelling, little loss of motion and function.
References
1.Joshua C.et al. Lateral and syndesmotic ankle sprain injuries:a narrative literature review. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine (2011) 10, 204–219.
2.Chan Keith W, Ding Bryan C and Mroczek Kenneth J. Acute and Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability in the Athlete. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases 2011; 69(1):17-26.
3.Rensburg Christa Janse Van. Approach to and Management of Acute Ankle Ligamentous Injuries. CME March 2004 Vol.22 No.3.
4.Bekerom Michel P.J. van den, Struijs Peter A.A, Blankevoort Leendert, Welling Lieke, C. van Dijk Niek, Kerkhoffs Gino M.M.J. What Is the Evidence for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation Therapy in the Treatment of Ankle Sprains in Adults?. Journal of Athletic Training 2012; 47(4):435–443.
5.Gino M Kerkhoffs et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: an evidence-based clinical guideline. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46:854–860.
6.Hauser R.A, Dolan E.E, Phillips H.J, Newlin A.C, Moore R.E. and Woldin B.A. Ligament Injury and Healing: A Review of Current Clinical Diagnostics and Therapeutics. The Open Rehabilitation Journal, 2013, 6, 1-20.
